Explained: Multi-club models in the Premier League, Europe and beyond
Yeah, I can only see benefits of a multi-club network.
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If Chelsea’s new owners were to expand their portfolio, the west London side would become the 10th of the Premier League’s current 20 teams to be part of a multi-club model.
Arsenal, Brentford, Brighton, Crystal Palace, Leicester, Manchester City, Nottingham Forest, Southampton and West Ham already have, between them, ties to 25 clubs throughout wider Europe and further afield.
One division down in the Championship, Cardiff, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sunderland, Swansea and Watford are linked to other clubs too, while
League One’s Barnsley are part of NewCity Capital group’s stable of seven teams.
Also in the third tier,
Ipswich’s ownership also operates Phoenix Rising in the United States’ second division, while
Salford, playing in League Two, are co-owned by Peter Lim, the majority shareholder of Valencia in Spain’s La Liga.
Across Europe, other leagues are already wise to the trick.
A combined 20 clubs from Italy’s Serie A, Ligue 1 in France and La Liga are part of multi-club models, with the former, replete with its own American investment, leading the way. The US owners of AC Milan, Bologna, Genoa and Fiorentina all own stakes in other clubs, too.
In Italy, the ability of owners to operate multiple clubs across divisions, outlawed in other nations, can still provide hurdles.
Lazio owner Claudio Lotito was forced to sell Salernitana in January after the latter club reached Serie A, with the newly-promoted side risking expulsion from the top flight otherwise. A similar prospect would face his Napoli counterpart Aurelio De Laurentiis should Bari, playing in Serie B for 2022-23, repeat last season’s success in the third tier.
Even the German Bundesliga, famously resistant to outside investment and home of the 50+1 ownership model, has three clubs with links to others — Augsburg, Kaiserslautern and RB Leipzig.
Across Europe’s ‘big five’ leagues, 32.7 per cent of sides are part of multi-club models, linked to a total network of 91 other teams.
In the UK, the spark which ignited this business model was the 2016 vote to leave the European Union. And multi-club ownership is set to grow, rather than retract.
Clubs view the strategy as a tool that can help to circumvent post-Brexit Governing Body Endorsement (GBE) rules, while also being a useful way to develop academy players who would otherwise not be able to play first-team football.
Brexit has made it harder for players to obtain a work permit, and in the GBE system leagues throughout Europe are graded dependent on quality and status. La Liga, for example, is in Band One and worth more GBE qualification points as a result, whereas the Danish Superliga is in Band Five and worth fewer points.
There is a reason why UK-based clubs are looking for teams in Belgium, Portugal, Turkey and the Netherlands — and it is to do with their position in the GBE system.
City Football Group (CFG), the umbrella organisation owned by the Abu Dhabi United Group of which Manchester City are the figurehead, has a stable of 11 clubs in countries including India, Australia, the United States and Japan.
After purchasing Manchester City in 2008, New York City FC of Major League Soccer became its second acquisition in 2013 when CFG bought an 80 per cent stake. Melbourne City (100 per cent stake) and Yokohama F Marinos (20 per cent stake) followed the following year.
Since 2019, CFG has bought shares in Mumbai City (65%), Sichuan Jiuniu (29.7%), Lommel (99%), Troyes (100%) and, most recently, Palermo (80%).
CFG is by far the biggest — and most successful in terms of silverware if not necessarily revenue — when it comes to multi-club ownership and the model is paying dividends closer to home, too.
In the summer transfer window just ended, CFG waited until Southampton had sanctioned Oriol Romeu’s departure to Girona, a club in which it has a 47 per cent stake, before Manchester City sent Samuel Edozie and Juan Larios to St Mary’s. Southampton also loaned goalkeeper Mateusz Lis to CFG club Troyes.
Brentford’s owner Matthew Benham cottoned on to the benefits of having more than one club in your portfolio and obtained a 75 per cent majority shareholding in Danish side Midtjylland in 2014; but perhaps Tony Fernandes, co-owner at west London neighbours Queens Park Rangers, was ahead of the curve.
Fernandes founded Petaling Jaya Rangers in Selangor, Malaysia in 2011, the same year he purchased QPR. The two clubs announced a partnership in 2016, which saw QPR create an academy in Malaysia and lend their advice in training the players and coaches.
Fleetwood Town, of League One, did something similar last year. Their owner, Andy Pilley, created new clubs in the United Arab Emirates and South Africa in the hope of developing footballers there. The team based in the UAE are called Fleetwood United Football Club, the one in South Africa gos by Western Cape Fleetwood Football Club.
“We are experts at building football clubs and developing players and that’s something we are really excited to do in UAE and South Africa,” Pilley said. “We’re a forward-thinking club. It’s one thing Manchester City having a network of clubs, but who would have thought little old Fleetwood would go down the same route?”
Southampton are the most recent English team to enter the multi-club world, with new owners Sport Republic — their majority shareholders after a takeover last January — buying a 70 per cent stake in Turkish side Goztepe in August. Sport Republic, a group co-owned by Rasmus Ankersen, the former Brentford director of football operations and Benham employee, hope several more acquisitions will follow.
Several of the Premier League’s American investors already had stakes in sports franchises back home before trying their hand at English football.
Stan Kroenke, Arsenal’s owner, has a portfolio that includes MLS team Colorado Rapids, NFL champions the Los Angeles Rams, the Denver Nuggets in the NBA and reigning NHL ice-hockey champs the Colorado Avalanche.
Los Angeles Rams’ Andrew Whitworth and Von Miller with the Super Bowl trophy in February (Photo: Frederic J Brown/AFP via Getty Images)
Kroenke’s impressive stable is closely followed by that of Dave Blitzer, an American with an 18 per cent stake in Palace. Blitzer can count the Philadelphia 76ers (NBA), New Jersey Devils (NHL) and Cleveland Guardians (MLB) as teams included in his portfolio.
As well as owning Manchester United, completing a controversial leveraged takeover in 2005, the Glazer family are in charge of the NFL’s Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Liverpool’s Fenway Sports Group, headed by John W Henry, also have the Boston Red Sox (MLB) and Pittsburgh Penguins (NHL) under their umbrella of clubs.
Bournemouth, who won promotion back to the Premier League last season, are the latest club to be sought after by an American businessman. Bill Foley is in exclusive talks with Maxim Demin, the club’s Russian owner, over a proposed takeover. Foley already has experience in sport as owner of the NHL’s Vegas Golden Knights.
As the multi-club model continues to be replicated throughout football, it will become more difficult because there will be fewer teams left on the market.
But despite this rapid growth, the strategy shows no signs of slowing down.
Whether it is minority or majority shareholding is almost irrelevant.
Having a stake in another team opens up avenues that are not available to single-club owners.[/article]